![]() For more than a decade, social scientists, including the Norwegian scholar Anne Mangen, have been reporting on the superiority of reading comprehension and retention on paper. I would go even further than Froud in delineating what’s at stake. Nevertheless, the researchers state: “We do think that these study outcomes warrant adding our voices … in suggesting that we should not yet throw away printed books, since we were able to observe in our participant sample an advantage for depth of processing when reading from print.” Vital to the usefulness of the study was the age of the participants – a three-year period that is “critical in reading development” – since fourth grade is when a crucial shift occurs from what another researcher describes as “learning to read” to “reading to learn”.įroud and her team are cautious in their conclusions and reluctant to make hard recommendations for classroom protocol and curriculum. Performed in a laboratory at Teachers College with strict controls, the study – which has not yet been peer reviewed – used an entirely new method of word association in which the children “performed single-word semantic judgment tasks” after reading the passages. Using a sample of 59 children aged 10 to 12, a team led by Dr Karen Froud asked its subjects to read original texts in both formats while wearing hair nets filled with electrodes that permitted the researchers to analyze variations in the children’s brain responses. Until recently there has been no scientific answer to this urgent question, but a soon-to-be published, groundbreaking study from neuroscientists at Columbia University’s Teachers College has come down decisively on the matter: for “deeper reading” there is a clear advantage to reading a text on paper, rather than on a screen, where “shallow reading was observed”. What if the principal culprit behind the fall of middle-school literacy is neither a virus, nor a union leader, nor “remote learning”? Fourth grade is when a crucial shift occurs from what another researcher describes as ‘learning to read’ to ‘reading to learn’ Common sense tells us that a child alone in her bedroom, staring at the image of a teacher on a computer screen (with a smartphone close at hand but hidden from the teacher’s view), is not fully focused on learning.īut while everyone bemoans the lockdown, there’s been curiously little discussion in this debate about the physical object most children use to read, which, starting long before the arrival of Covid, has increasingly been an illuminated screen displaying pixelated type instead of a printed or photocopied text. Neither the bureaucrats nor the critics of the teachers’ union are wrong, of course. Conservatives don’t disagree, but they prefer to blame the teachers’ unions for encouraging their members to teach remotely – for them a greater villain than Covid is the president of the American Federation of Teachers, Randi Weingarten, a powerful Democrat who lobbied successfully to prolong school shutdowns. Remote learning was bad for students, according to Biden administration officials, so the pandemic must be the chief villain. The New York State Driver’s Manual is published by the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles and covers the following topics.Unsurprisingly, the blame for this dismal news has been assigned by politicians to the easiest, more obvious targets – Covid-19 and the resultant lockdown. ![]() ![]() Good luck! Topics Covered in the Handbook Only practice tests can give you the feedback you need to know you’ve mastered the information found in the handbook. You’ll get a feel for the format of real test while being able to get valuable feedback. The practice test is a perfect study tool to be used alongside the handbook. Start by becoming familiar with the information in the New York drivers manual and then test your knowledge by taking our interactive New York practice permit test. How will you know if you are truly ready for the driver’s written exam? Simple. ![]() You’ll need the most current and comprehensive information about the rules of the road in New York if you want to pass your driver’s written exam which is why we’ve included the official New York Driver Handbook. This written test contains challenging and state specific questions on the rules of the road so it’s important that you start getting yourself ready now. ![]() Download the official NY DMV driver’s manual PDF or view onlineĪll residents of the state of New York that are interested in driving on it’s roads must first pass the state’s driver written exam. ![]()
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